# References — Immune & Thymic Peptide Literature — Physician-Only Peptides

> The aggregated citation list for the Physician-Only Peptides immune digest: peer-reviewed sources on Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Every source cited across the two peptide pages and the comparison, gathered in one place.

## References

The list below aggregates the cited literature across both thymic peptides on this desk — Thymosin Alpha-1 and Thymulin. Each entry gives authors, title, journal and year, with a DOI and a PubMed link where available. A single citation is listed once and referred to by its assigned number throughout the site. Where a source is a review or commentary, it is the review that is cited, not the primary studies it summarizes.

## References

[1] Wu J, Pei F, Zhou L, et al. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial. BMJ. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39814420/
[2] Dominari A, Hathaway Iii D, Pandav K, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33362999/
[3] Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, et al. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32442287/
[4] Costantini C, Bellet MM, Pariano M, et al. A Reappraisal of Thymosin Alpha1 in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2019. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31555601/
[5] Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23327199/
[6] Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood. 2006. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16741252/
[7] Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, et al. Thymosin alpha1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/265536/
[8] da Silva AL, de Oliveira GP, Kim N, Cruz FF, Kitoko JZ, Blanco NG, Martini SV, Hanes J, Rocco PRM, Suk JS, Morales MM. Nanoparticle-based thymulin gene therapy therapeutically reverses key pathology of experimental allergic asthma. Sci Adv. 2020;6(24):eaay7973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32577505/
[9] Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24588820/
[10] Novoselova EG, Khrenov MO, Glushkova OV, Lunin SM, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Fesenko EE. Anti-inflammatory effects of IKK inhibitor XII, thymulin, and fat-soluble antioxidants in LPS-treated mice. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;2014:724838. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25045213/
[11] Reggiani PC, Morel GR, Cónsole GM, Barbeito CG, Rodriguez SS, Brown OA, Bellini MJ, Pléau JM, Dardenne M, Goya RG. The thymus-neuroendocrine axis: physiology, molecular biology, and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009;1153:98-106. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19236333/
[12] Dardenne M, Pleau JM. Interactions between zinc and thymulin. Met Based Drugs. 1994;1(2-3):233-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18476235/

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A literature digest of thymic immune peptide research — every claim is numbered, every caution is cited, and nothing here is medical advice.